(instrumental music) 音乐
140 million miles from Earth. 离地球1.4亿英里
Our planetary neighbor and our greatest mystery... 我们的行星邻居和最大的谜团...
Mars. 火星
For centuries we've gazed at it in wonder. 几个世纪以来，我们一直在好奇地注视着它
But it's always remained out of our reach... 但总是遥不可及...
until now. 直到现在
Today a pioneering spacecraft 今天一艘开创性的飞船
is bringing the planet dramatically closer. 把火星的距离拉近
Pixel by pixel,it's beaming Mars back to us... 一个像素接一个像素，向我们发回火星...
as we've never seen it before. 我们从未见过
Now using these images, 现在使用这些图像，
we can do something remarkable. 我们可以做一些了不起的事
And take you on a journey no human being 带你去体验没有人
has ever been on before. 去过的火星表面
A single circuit of this world 红色世界的奇妙之旅
from dawn to dusk. 从早晨到黄昏
Exploring its most spectacular... 探索它最壮观的...
and surprising features. 令人惊讶的细节
(rumbling) （隆隆声）
On a mission to unlock its deepest secrets. 在一个解开最深秘密的任务中
And we join the quest to answer the biggest question of all. 我们也加入了对终极问题的探索
Is there life on Mars? 火星上有生命吗？
火星:红色星球的一天
翻译：@火星学会
(beeping) （滴滴）
Our journey begins at a vast black spot, 我们的旅程从一个巨大的黑点开始，
one thousand miles wide. 一千英里宽
This is where humanity's dream of Mars first began. 这就是人类对火星的梦想最初开始的地方
It's called Syrtis Major. 它被称为大瑟提斯
Hidden in this intriguing landscape is a mysterious feature, 在这迷人的风景中隐藏着一个神秘的特征，
that first made us hope that Mars could be Earth's sister. 这让我们燃起火星作为地球姐妹的希望
Another planet teaming with life. 另一个存在生命的星球
DERRICK: It's almost unthinkable that just 100 years ago, 仅仅100年前，几乎不可想象，
people actually thought that there was civilizations on Mars 人们实际上认为火星上有文明
and if there was a civilization there, 如果那里有文明，
what was the civilization like? 文明是什么样子的？
Did they have commerce?Did they have language? 他们有商业吗？他们有语言吗？
Could we communicate with them? 我们能和他们沟通吗？
Was there any chance for space travel so that we could connect with them? 有没有机会进行太空旅行以便我们能与他们联系？
Here in Flagstaff, Arizona, in 1894, 1894年在亚利桑那州的弗拉格斯塔夫，
a Mars obsessed astronomer built a state of the art telescope, 一位迷恋火星的天文学家建造了一台先进的望远镜，
to study the red planet in more detail than ever before. 比以前更细致地研究这颗红色星球
What Percival Lowell saw would shock the world. 珀西瓦尔·罗威尔所看到的将震惊世界
On the surface of the planet, 在星球表面，
he made out patterns,structures, movement. 他辨认出图案、结构、变化
Mars appeared to be alive. 火星活了起来
DERRICK: He looked at Mars every opportunity he had 他一有机会就盯着火星看
and he kept records of what he saw. 他把所看到的记录下来
Here are three of Percival Lowell's globes. 这里有三个珀西瓦尔·罗威尔的火星仪
He's detailed out the regions of vegetation. 他详细列出了植被的区域
He also seemed to observe the change in the vegetation 他似乎也观察到了植被的变化
over time and over seasons. 随时间和季节变化
He's included vast networks of canals, 还包括了巨大的运河网络，
bringing water from the melting polar caps 把融化的极地冰盖的水
down to the drier,dying regions of the planet, 带到星球上最干燥、荒凉的地区，
providing water for the civilizations that he imagined that lived there. 为他想象中生活在那里的文明提供水源
In the years after Lowell's discovery, 在罗威尔发现后的几年里，
Mars fever gripped our planet. 火星热席卷了我们的星球
We imagined alien oceans, 我们想象着外星海洋，
exotic landscapes and bustling cities. 异国情调的风景和熙熙攘攘的城市
Even Martians staring back at us. 甚至火星人也在远望着我们
(roaring) （咆哮）
But we didn't get a chance to find out if we were right, 但我们没有机会知道我们是否正确，
until 1964. 直到1964年
MAN (over radio): Three, two, one, zero. 3，2，1，0
All engines running, lift off. 所有引擎运转，起飞
Roger, one, three seconds. 收到，1，3秒钟
MAN 2 (over radio): We're on our way. 我们上路了
Mariner 4 was NASA's first successful mission “水手4号”是美国宇航局首次成功的任务
to the red planet. 去红色星球
At last a chance to study Mars up close. 终于能抵近研究火星
There was pressure.There was definite pressure. 曾经有过压力，肯定有压力
We were inventing stuff every step of the way. 我们每一步都是新的发明和尝试
It was exciting. 很激动
But you're working hard,had guys working 50, 60 hours a week. 但你工作很努力，每周工作50到60个小时
This was the 60's,the dawn of the space age. 这是60年代，太空时代的黎明
And it just fired our imagination about you know, what could be there? 它激发了我们的想象力，你知道，那里会有什么？
Who could be there? 谁在那里？
AMY: Mariner 4 was a huge deal, 水手4号很关键，
because we'd never really seen the surface of Mars, 因为我们从未真正见过火星表面，
all we had was people looking at Mars with a telescope 我们所拥有的只是人们用望远镜观察火星
and drawing what they saw. 画出他们看到的东西
The public was expecting to see these 公众期待看到这些
lush civilizations built by Martians. 火星人建造的繁荣的文明
I was 13 and I actually can remember 我那时13岁，我还记得
watching the 6:00 news and this was broadcast nationwide. 看6点钟的新闻，这个消息在全国播出
Nervously,the world waited to see 全世界都在紧张地等待着
the first ever close-up image of Mars. 有史以来第一张火星特写
(indistinct conversation) （模糊不清的谈话）
MAN (over PA): Picture number one is coming in. 1号照片要来了
JOHN: We didn't know what it was gonna look like. 我们不知道会是什么样子
It took eight hours to get one picture back. 花了八个小时才把一张照片发回来
We had these little tape recorders that would just 我们用这些小的带子
print one line of numbers after another, 打印一行接一行的数字，
and each pixel was represented by one number 每个像素用一个数字表示
on this little strip chart. 在这个小条形图上
So we got the idea of,why didn't we just take that 所以我们就想到了，为什么我们不把它拿起来
and color those numbers appropriately. 给这些数字涂上适当的颜色
As the data came back,a picture emerged. 随着数据的返回，一幅图画出现了
MICHIO: It did not show a tropical environment 它没有显示出热带环境
with cities and gleaming skyscrapers. 城市和闪闪发光的摩天大楼
No. 没有
No canals, no oceans, no rivers. 没有运河，没有海洋，没有河流
No vegetation, no forests. 没有植被，没有森林
We didn't see any cities, 我们没有看到任何城市，
we didn't see any Martians walking around at all. 我们根本没看到任何火星人四处走动
Mariner 4 was a historical bummer. 水手4号是令人失望的尝试
(indistinct conversation) （模糊不清的谈话）
What amazed me was, 令我惊讶的是，
when the first pictures came back, 当第一张照片回来时，
the first thing you noticed is that it's dominated with craters. 你注意到的第一件事是有很多陨石坑
I never heard anybody predict that. 我从来没听人预测过
I did never hear anybody in the science community saying, 我从没听科学界有人说，
"Well, when we get there, “好吧，等我们到了那里，
it's gonna look a lot like the moon. 它看起来很像月亮表面
There's gonna be craters." 会有陨石坑
No, there was never any of that. 不，从来没有过
For all our dreams of a living Mars, 相对我们曾经对火星的梦想，
we seem to have found a dead, deserted world. 我们似乎发现了一个死气沉沉、荒芜的世界
How had we got it so wrong? 我们怎么会错成这样？
Today we can see the answer. 今天我们可以看到答案
Circling above the planet's surface,a new electronic eye. 有一个新的电子眼睛绕火星运行
This is NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. 美国宇航局的火星勘测轨道飞行器
On board, HiRISE-- 装载有，HiRISE相机
the most powerful camera we have ever sent to another world. 最强大的相机，我们有史以来发送到另一个世界
It's capturing Mars in unprecedented spectacular detail. 它拍摄火星前所未有的壮观细节
The HiRISE camera is a game-changer. HiRISE相机改变了一切
It gives us the illusion, 它给了我们错觉，
the feeling of flying over Mars in a helicopter. 乘直升机飞越火星的感觉
The way you look out and almost touch the landscape. 你向外看，几乎能触摸到风景
Think about it-- One pixel,one dot on the HiRISE photograph 想想看一个像素，在HiRISE的照片上一个点
is the size of a basketball. 只有篮球的大小
HiRISE is showing us that Mars is much more than a barren desert. HiRISE向我们展示了火星不仅仅是贫瘠的沙漠
It's revealing a world beyond our wildest imagination. 它揭示了一个超出我们想象的世界
JAMES: This is just not beautiful,it is magnificent. 这也许不美，但它是宏伟的
AMY: They look like abstract paintings. 它们看起来像抽象画
DAVID: The planet comes alive 这颗行星充满活力，
and you see this vibrancy and this-- this motion. 你可以看到它的活力和变化的过程
TANYA: The beautiful color palette of this planet, 这个星球美丽的色彩，
that we've always just thought of as this red rock. 我们一直认为这儿只有红色岩石
DAVID: But once you can see things in that detail, 但一旦你能看到细节，
it's like, whoa, I got a new prescription for my glasses 就像，哇，我戴上了新的眼镜
and all of a sudden I can see the world, 突然间我看清了这个世界，
(stammers) only it's the world of Mars. （结结巴巴地）火星的世界
Using HiRISE data,we can now show you for the first time 使用HiRISE的数据，我们现在可以第一次向您展示
what Syrtis Major really looks like. 大瑟提斯看起来是什么样
This is a view no human has ever seen. 这是人类从未见过的景象
Over 100 foot tall, 超过100英尺高，
stretching for 100 miles. 延伸100英里
These are the Nili Patera sand dunes. 这些是尼里·帕特拉沙丘
When Percival Lowell looked towards here, 当珀西瓦尔·罗威尔看着这里，
he thought he saw life. 他以为他看到了生命
Today with HiRISE's powerful gaze, 今天，有了HiRISE强大的能力，
we can see how he got Mars so wrong. 我们可以看出他怎么误解火星
(electronic beep) （电子蜂鸣声）
The dunes move in the Martian wind. 沙丘在火星风中移动
On a global scale, 在全球范围内，
sand can be seen being blown around Mars' surface. 在火星表面可以看到沙子被吹卷移动
The size of shape of regions like Syrtis Major 像大瑟提斯这样的地区的大小
ebb and flow. 起伏蔓延
Percival Lowell could see these large shaded regions 珀西瓦尔·罗威尔可以看到这些巨大的阴影区域
that seemed to grow and change over time. 似乎随着时间的推移而增长和变化
Maybe even seasonally,very much like we see vegetation 甚至是季节性的，就像我们看到的植被一样
changing with seasons here on Earth. 在地球上随季节变化
He was actually observing dust storms and shifting sands 他实际上注意到沙尘暴和流沙
on the surface of Mars. 遍布火星的表面
But was Lowell completely wrong? 但罗威尔完全错了吗？
For years, humanity thought so. 多年来，大家都这么认为
But now using HiRISE imagery, 但现在使用HiRISE图像，
we can glimpse something extraordinary. 我们可以瞥见一些不同寻常的东西
A Mars that may once have been much more like his vision. 火星可能曾经更像他的想象
It's a story that begins at our next destination. 从我们的下一个目的地开始讲起
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
3,200 miles southwest of Syrtis Major, 在大瑟提斯西南3200英里，
is a window into Mars' deepest past... 是一扇通往火星过去的窗户...
Noachis Terra. 挪亚台地
Noah's Land. 挪亚的土地
At first glance, 乍一看，
this looks like another dead landscape, 这看起来又是一片死气沉沉的景象，
but it holds an astonishing clue to a very different world. 但它提供了一个完全不同的世界的惊人线索
A world with a real chance of life. 一个真正有机会发现生命的世界
This is one of the most ancient places on Mars. 这是火星上最古老的地方之一
Noachis Terra is absolutely filled with craters. 挪亚台地到处都是陨石坑
AMY: Some are huge, the size of a city or an entire state. 有些很大，有一个城市或整个州那么大
Some of them are five or ten meters across, very small. 其中有些直径五到十米，非常小
We can also see that some craters have been 我们还可以看到一些陨石坑
overprinted with other craters. 与其他陨石坑重叠
MICHIO: Simply by counting and analyzing these craters 简单地计算和分析这些陨石坑
on Noachis Terra, 挪亚台地
we think it dates back almost four billion years. 我们认为它可以追溯到40亿年前
Now we can build these craters from real data. 现在我们可以根据真实数据建立这些陨石坑
Each is formed by a single meteorite impact, 每个是由一次陨石撞击形成的，
that punched through rocks,billions of years old. 撞击了数十亿年前的岩石
They are holes punched through time. 它们是穿越时间的坑
These craters are like opening doors into the geology of Mars, 这些陨石坑就像打开了通往火星地质的大门，
we can use it to dig down through the various layers 我们可以用它来挖掘各个层次
and we can see almost every kind of Mars there was. 我们几乎可以看到火星上的每一种地质构成
These craters are 140 million miles away. 这些陨石坑在1.4亿英里之外
So their secrets might seem beyond our grasp, 它们的秘密似乎超出了我们的掌握范围，
but incredibly they can be unlocked. 它们可以被解锁
By a rock found on Earth. 在地球上发现的一种岩石上
This is a rock worth 200 times more than gold. 这是一块价值200倍于黄金的石头
A rare and revealing treasure. 一件稀有的、有启示意义的宝藏
JAY: There's so many objects in this world that you can have. 这个世界上有那么多东西你可以拥有
You can have diamonds,you could have gold, 你可以拥有钻石，你可以拥有黄金，
you could have houses, cars 你可以有房子，汽车
and they really don't do anything for me. 对我来说它们真的什么用都没有
And this is NWA 8-4-5-5. 这是NWA 8-4-5-5
This is NWA 10-608. 这是NWA 10-608
This is NWA 8-6-8-7,it's called a troctolite. 这是NWA8-6-8-7，它叫橄长岩
And I liked it 'cause it was shaped like a star. (laughs) 我喜欢它因为它的形状像星星（笑）
Meteorites are like my babies. 陨石就像我的孩子
Sometime around May of 2011, 大约在2011年5月，
I had a friend in Morocco,he was a dealer. 我在摩洛哥有个朋友，他是个陨石商人
(camera clicking) （相机咔嚓声）
He showed me a picture of this black rock found in the desert 他给我看了一张在沙漠中发现的黑色岩石的照片
that looked unlike anything either of us ever seen. 这看起来不像我们见过的任何东西
Then I said, "You know what,I think it's a meteorite." 然后我说，“你知道吗，我觉得是陨石。”
It's called Black Beauty, NWA 70-34. 它叫黑美人，NWA70-34
And I loved when I got it in my hands, 我喜欢它，当我拿到手的时候，
because the skin of it is so different. 因为它的表面是如此的不同
And so I knew that it was special. 所以我知道它很特别
CARL: In this safe I have unknown meteorites, 在这个保险箱里我有未知的陨石，
they are things that I'm working on currently. 它们是我目前正在研究的东西
This is from the meteor crater. 这来自陨石坑
This is a Lake Murray meteorite. 这是默里湖陨石
This is an iron meteorite that fell in Odessa, Texas. 这是一颗落在德克萨斯州敖德萨的铁陨石
One day I received a shipment from Jay 一天，我收到杰伊寄来的标本
and I looked at this very unusual 我看着这个非常不寻常的
dark black specimen-- 深黑色标本--
Black Beauty. 黑美人
The first thing that I thought was, 我首先想到的是，
this looks so black and shiny,it can't be real. 这看起来又黑又亮，不可能是真的
He told me he thought it had shoe shine polish or that 他告诉我他以为有鞋油之类的
they polished it up and he really never saw anything like it. 或者他们把它擦得锃亮，他真的从来没见过这样的东西
And I said, "Hey, would you look at it,but don't cut into it." 我说，“嘿，你能看一下吗，但别对它动手”
And so I went over to the lab next door 所以我去了隔壁的实验室
and put it on a diamond saw 把它放在钻石锯上
and sliced off the first piece of it. 切下来一块
(saw whirring) （锯声）
I saw immediately that it wasn't something that had been faked 我立刻发现这不是伪造的东西
That it was actually something quite remarkable. 事实上这是一件非常了不起的样品
The analyses were suggestive of a Martian origin. 分析表明是来自火星
And it took about a year collaborating with other scientists 与其他科学家合作花了大约一年的时间
to assemble enough evidence that no one could argue with it. 收集足够的证据，没有人能反驳
JAY: It is mind boggling to me, 这让我难以置信，
that I can hold a piece of Mars. 我能握着一块火星
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
The story of how this Martian rock ended up on Earth 关于这块火星岩石如何来到地球的经历
is a remarkable one. 是很了不起的
Mars' craters are the clue. 火星的陨石坑就是线索
A violent meteorite strike, 猛烈的陨石撞击，
punched deep into the planet's surface. 在行星表面上撞得很深
Fusing together ancient rocks, 融合了古老的岩石，
to form Black Beauty. 形成黑美人
Like shrapnel, it was launched into space. 就像弹片一样，它被发射到太空
And for millions of years,it wandered the solar system, 数百万年来，它在太阳系徘徊，
until it felt the tug of another planet's gravity. 直到它感受到另一颗行星的引力
Safe on Earth, 落在地球上，
the secret for Mars' craters could be revealed. 火星陨石坑的秘密可能会被揭开
CARL: What we have here is a section of Black Beauty 我们这里有一块黑美人
and from those grains,we're able to determine 从这些颗粒中，我们可以确定
a snapshot of geologic time and the geologic history of Mars. 火星地质年代和地质历史的记录
Hidden in the layers of rock, 隐藏在岩层中，
Carl discovered something incredible. 卡尔发现了一些不可思议的东西
CARL: We were astonished because out of Black Beauty was coming 我们很惊讶，因为从黑美人中发现了
a huge amount of water. 较多的水
Black Beauty was soaked with Martian water 黑美人被火星水浸透了
and remnants of that are still in there. 残余的水还在里面
So could water really have flowed on this dusty world? 在这个尘土飞扬的世界上，真的有水流动吗？
Black Beauty only gives us a tiny, tantalizing hint. 黑美人给了我们微小的，诱人的暗示
To discover how big a part water played on ancient Mars... 为了发现水在古代火星扮演了多大的角色...
we've had to send probes to the planet itself. 我们不得不把探测器送到这颗行星
And that's proved a formidable challenge. 这是一个巨大的挑战
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
As we leave Noachis Terra behind, 当我们离开挪亚台地，
and begin the next leg of our journey, 开始下一段旅程，
something strange sparkles in the Martian dust. 火星尘土中有奇怪的东西闪闪发光
Mars is kind of a graveyard of spacecraft. 火星是太空船的墓地
In fact, there's something called the Mars jinx. 事实上，有一种说法叫做火星厄运
Mars has its own plans for whether this is gonna go well, or not. 火星有自己的主意，来决定一切是否顺利
The quest to find water and perhaps even life on Mars, 寻找水甚至火星上的生命，
comes at a high cost. 都要付出高昂的代价
More than half of the 45 missions sent to Mars ended in failure. 发射到火星的45次任务中，有一半以上以失败告终
The Soviet Union was the first to start sending missions to Mars 苏联是第一个向火星发射任务的国家
in 1960s and they all failed. 1960年代，都失败了
Mars 2, Mars 3, the Mars Zond missions,the Cosmos missions, 火星2号，火星3号，探测器系列，宇宙号，
the Phobos missions. 火卫一任务
The Brits have tried, Europe has tried. 英国人试过了，欧洲也试过了
NASA's Mars climate orbiter burned up in the atmosphere, 美国宇航局的火星气候轨道器在火星大气层中烧毁，
because of a mix up between metric and imperial units. 因为公制单位和英制单位的混淆
(whirring) （风声）
It takes so long to get one of these missions 完成这些任务需要很长时间
to go from a concept to actual hardware that you fly. 从一个概念到能飞行的实际硬件
This is somebody's entire career and to see it just pfft. 一个人可能耗费了整个职业生涯，眼看着它领了盒饭
You're going 13,000 miles an hour 你的时速是13000英里
and you have seven minutes to get down to zero miles an hour 你有7分钟的时间降到0英里每小时
and hit the surface gently. 然后轻轻地着陆
There's enough energy and motion 足够的能量和速度，
that it can melt or vaporize the entire spacecraft. 它可以融化或蒸发整个飞船
(rumbling) （隆隆声）
NAGIN: You can do everything right 你可能把每件事都做好
and you can still have a bad day on Mars. 在火星上仍然是糟糕的结局
Even if you can make it through the atmosphere 即使你能穿越大气层
(explosion) （爆炸）
...landing is a whole new challenge. …着陆是一个全新的挑战
ABIGAIL: It's nerve-racking 真是伤脑筋
but, man, does it make it so exhilarating when it works. 但是，当它有效果的时候，会如此令人兴奋
And some really do work. 有些真的很管用
One that made it to the surface, 一种到达地面的方法，
became arguably the most successful mission ever. 成为有史以来最成功的任务
Thanks to a mysterious alien force. 感谢神秘的外星力量
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
The longest running rover that has ever explored Mars 有史以来工作最久的火星车
can be found at our next destination. 在我们的下一个目的地
The sandy plains of Meridiani Planum. 子午线平原的沙地上
Still sitting here today is the lifeless shell 今天仍然在这里的，是没有生命的
of NASA's Opportunity rover. 美国宇航局机遇号火星车
Expected to operate for 90 days, 预计运行90天，
it lasted 14 and a half years, 持续了14年半，
making a discovery that transformed our understanding of Mars. 这些发现改变了我们对火星的认识
And the key to its marathon mission was a mysterious force, 它的马拉松任务的关键是一股神秘的力量，
that leaves these strange patterns in the sand. 在沙地上留下了这些奇怪的图案
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
MAN (over radio): Three,two, main engines start, 3，2，主引擎启动
zero and lift off of the Delta Rocket with Opportunity. 0，发射运载机遇号的德尔塔火箭
Opportunity's mission was to hunt for evidence 机遇号的任务是寻找证据
of ancient water on Mars. 火星上古代水的证据
But first, it had to land where so many others had failed. 但首先，它必须在许多任务失败的地方着陆
CALLAS: Landing on Mars is very difficult. 登陆火星是非常困难的
And so in those tense moments,either during the launch phase 所以在那些紧张的时刻，无论是在发射阶段
or you know, the arrival and entry descent into landing, 或者你知道，到达和进入下降着陆，
you're on the edge of your seat, 你坐在椅子的边上，
waiting to hear word on whether you are successful 等着听是否成功的消息
or whether it's a failure. 或者是失败
(instrumental music playing) （器乐演奏）
To protect their rover, 为了保护火星车，
the engineers came up with a plan as bizarre 工程师们想出了非同寻常的计划
as it was audacious. 十分大胆
MAN: Suspected retro rock and ignition on my mark. 制动火箭点火
Mark. 标记
Shock absorbers... 减震器...
MAN : At this point in time,we should be on the ground. 在这个时候，我们应该已经着陆
Space style. 空间风格
CALLAS: When you think about half a billion-dollar spacecraft 当你想到5亿美元的飞船
inside this gigantic beach ball 在这个巨大的沙滩球里
bouncing around on the surface of Mars, 在火星表面跳跃，
it goes into the category of"what were they thinking?" 不由得怀疑“他们在想什么？”
(instrumental music playing) （器乐演奏）
Opportunity was safe on the ground. 机遇号安全着陆
Now it began using its state of the art camera... 现在它开始使用最先进的照相机...
(cheering) （欢呼）
to capture the most detailed images 捕捉最详实的图像
of the Martian surface ever seen. 在火星表面
JAMES: When we landed and we saw the first view 当我们着陆时，我们看到了景象
it's like, seeing King Tut's tomb. 就像看到图坦卡蒙国王的坟墓
There's the story we've been waiting for. 这就是我们一直在等待的事
I remember crying and saying,"This is exploration." 我记得我哭着说：“这才是探索”
Opportunity is turning our camera back 机遇号把相机转回来
on this tiny little shallow crater 对着这个小而浅的陨石坑
and looking at the deflated airbags. 看看放气的安全气囊
ABIGAIL: Opportunity was able to leave the pad 机遇号离开了平台
and become a real rover. 成为真正的火星车
Opportunity showed us icy clouds 机遇让我们看到了冰云
dancing across an alien sky. 在外星球的天空中飘过
Even the other worldly setting of our shared sun. 我们共同的太阳在另一个世界的落日
Opportunity's discoveries were truly breathtaking. 机遇号的发现真是惊人
Everyone wanted to see more. 每个人都想看更多
But the clock was ticking. 但时钟在滴答作响
CALLAS: I knew then end would come at some point. 我知道总有一天会结束的
It's much like you have an aging parent. 就像你的年迈的父母
Maybe they're in good health. 也许他们身体很好
But you know that they're not gonna last forever. 但你知道他们不会永远活着
Every day was precious. 每一天都是珍贵的
We thought we had a finite amount of time to get our job done. 我们以为只能用有限的时间来完成我们的工作
And it comes down to the fact that the rovers are solar powered. 归根结底，火星车是太阳能驱动的
We knew that Mars is a dusty place 我们知道火星是个尘土飞扬的地方
and that the dust falls out of the atmosphere. 尘埃从大气中沉降
So we figured the rovers would have enough time to last 所以我们认为火星车有足够的时间维持
90 days before the solar rays were so dusty 90天，然后太阳光被灰尘挡住
that they couldn't generate enough energy. 它们不能产生足够的能量
But Mars and the rovers proved us wrong. 但火星和火星车证明我们错了
(wind howling) （风啸）
The Martian dust did make Opportunity's battery levels run down. 火星上的尘埃确实让机遇号的电池电量耗尽
But then they would miraculously bounce back up. 但是他们会奇迹般地复原
The rovers engineers were perplexed. 火星车的工程师们很困惑
But some astonishing images would provide the answer. 但一些令人惊讶的图像可以提供答案
As the Martian dust settled on NASA's solar powered rover, 当尘埃落在美国宇航局的太阳能火星车上时，
the engineers were puzzled at how it kept going. 工程师们对它如何继续工作感到困惑
Then they received some extraordinary images. 然后他们收到了一些非同寻常的图像
We have actually a series of time lapse photographs 我们有一系列延时照片
of the plains of Mars, 火星平原
in which we captured a series of dust devils moving across. 我们捕捉到了一些移动的尘暴
And we think it's something like that 我们认为是这样的尘暴
that cleaned the dust off the rover. 清除了火星车上的灰尘
As these dust devils move across the landscape, 当这些尘暴横扫大地时，
spiraling up to twelve miles into the sky, 盘旋上升到12英里高空，
they leave tell tail tracks behind them. 他们在身后留下了明显的尾迹
The mysterious patterns that we can see with HiRISE. 我们能用HiRISE相机拍到的神秘图案
Incredibly it was Martian weather 难以置信的是火星的天气
that allowed Opportunity to explore Mars for so long. 使我们有机会长期探索火星
But in July 2018,a global dust storm hit the planet. 但在2018年7月，一场全球沙尘暴袭击了火星
CALLAS: The skies were so dark that you couldn't see the sun. 天空太黑了，你看不见太阳
The rover got too cold and something broke inside. 火星车太冷了，里面有东西坏了
We never heard from the rover again. 我们与火星车失去了联系
It's sad. It's emotional. 很悲哀，这就是情绪
But to have fourteen and a half years was such a gift. 但拥有十四年半的时间是一种馈赠
Over its mission Opportunity sent back over 机遇号的任务送回了超过
200,000 images. 20万张照片
Revealing a Mars we had never seen before 展示了我们从未见过的火星
and confirming something extraordinary. 证实了一些非同寻常的东西
DERRICK: We can clearly see these wonderful layers of rock. 我们可以清楚地看到这些奇妙的岩层
Sedimentary layers are always laid down in water. 沉积岩总是在水中生成
NINA: We call these Blueberries because when we first saw them 我们称这些蓝莓是因为当我们第一次看到它们的时候
we thought they looked like blueberries in a muffin. 我们以为它们看起来像松饼里的蓝莓
DAVID: They were formed out of haematite. 它们是由赤铁矿形成的
They seem to be telling us of a time when there was 它们似乎在告诉我们
highly acidic water flowing through and over the ground of Mars. 强酸性水曾经流过火星地面
NINA: This is a vein of the mineral, gypsum. 这是一个矿脉，石膏
Has a lot of calcium and Sulphur in it. 里面有很多钙和硫
And it only forms by evaporating water. 它只有通过蒸发水才能形成
It's a mineral that has water chemically bound inside. 它是一种含有水的矿物
This was the smoking gun.We have it. 这是确凿的证据，我们拿到了
Water was here and we found it. 水在这里，我们找到了
The Black beauty meteorite revealed moisture 黑美人陨石显露出水分
in an ancient Martian rock. 在一块古老的火星岩石里
And Opportunity showed there were once pools of water 机遇号显示那里曾经有水池
on the planet's surface. 在火星的表面
Our next stop is one of the most intriguing features on the planet. 我们的下一站是星球上最有趣的特征之一
It will reveal just how different ancient Mars must have been. 它将揭示古代火星的不同之处
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
1,600 miles from the final resting place 离最后的安息地1600英里
of NASA's Opportunity Rover, 距离机遇号火星车
is a chasm so huge that it's visible from space... 是一个巨大的裂缝，从太空中可以看到...
Nirgal Vallis. 尼尔格峡谷
A clue to Mars' former life etched into the rock. 岩石上刻有火星古代生命的线索
DAVID: It's about 300 miles long. 大约300英里长
It's narrower on one end and wider on the other. 它的一端窄，另一端宽
We can see these long channels, like a tree, 我们可以看到这些长长的渠道，就像一棵树，
all connected to a single trunk. 全部连接到一个主干上
MELISSA: And these patterns they seem to start out of nowhere. 梅利莎：这些图案似乎都是无中生有
And then they get deeper and deeper as they go along. 然后它们越向前越深
And they connect together. 它们连接在一起
As planetary geologists we're studying the surface of the planet. 作为行星地质学家，我们正在研究行星的表面
Like detectives trying to understand the history of a planet. 就像侦探试图了解一个星球的历史
And how it came to be the way that it is today. 以及它是如何变成今天这样的
Only one substance has the power to change 只有一种物质有能力改变
entire landscapes in this dramatic way. 以这种戏剧性的方式改变整个景观
KRISTEN: Water has a huge effect. 水有巨大的影响
Chemically it slowly dissolves different components of the rock. 化学上，它会慢慢溶解岩石的不同成分
But geomorphically it can just do tons of work. 但从地貌上看，它能做大量的工作
Water can move rock in incredibly fast ways. 水能以惊人的速度移动岩石
And actually shift entire landscapes. 实际上改变了整个景观
It leaves a print so you can see these beautiful canyons 它留下了痕迹，这样你就能看到这些美丽的峡谷
carved out by rivers. 由河流雕刻而成
Nirgal Vallis reveals that ancient Mars 尼尔格峡谷揭示了古代火星
was awash with water. 被水覆盖
MELISSA: We're not talking about just a trickle of water. 我们说的不是小股的水
We're talking about full rivers. 我们说的是满满的大河
Full to their banks, flowing water. 溢到岸边，流动的水
There were oceans. 曾有海洋
There were clouds in the sky. 天空中有云
There were rain storms. 有暴风雨
There were floods across the surface. 洪水漫过地面
MELISSA: We're talking huge volumes of water 我们说的是大量的水
and a whole cycle of water. 整个循环水系
Precipitation. 降水
Maybe snowfall on the tops of mountains. 还有在雪山上的降雪
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
To cut Nirgal Vallis into the landscape, 为了把尼尔格峡谷切割成现在的样子，
would have taken a raging torrent. 要有汹涌的洪流
A river one and a half times the size of the Nile. 一条比尼罗河大一倍半的河流
Carrying 4,800 cubic meters of water 流量4800立方米
every second. 每秒钟
DERRICK: You know Percival Lowell might not have been 你知道珀西瓦尔·罗威尔可能不是
that wrong after all. 完全错了
Although he might have been off by four billion years or so. 虽然他可能错过了40亿年左右
But it looks like Mars is a much more intriguing planet 但看起来火星是一颗更吸引人的星球
than ever through before. 比以往任何时候都要强烈
But if Mars once looked like this, 但如果火星曾经是这样的，
where did all the water go? 水都去哪儿了？
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
Eight hundred miles west of Nirgal Vallis 尼尔格峡谷以西800英里
lie a pair of colossal features 有一对巨大的特征
the most spectacular on the planet. 是火星上最壮观的
They helped solve the mystery of Mars' missing water. 它们帮助解开了火星失水之谜
The first, a gigantic cut 第一，一个巨大的切口
running a fifth of the way around the entire plant... 延伸到整个星球的五分之一...
Valles Marineris. 水手峡谷
MICHIO: It is about the size of the United States of America. 它大约有美利坚合众国那么长
It would extend from Los Angeles all the way out to New York City. 从洛杉矶一直延伸到纽约市
It's six miles deep. 它有6英里深
It's 150 miles wide. 有150英里宽
If you stood on one end you couldn't see the other end 如果你站在一端，你看不到另一端
because the planet itself would curve away from you. 因为行星的表面是曲面的
It's just incomprehensible how big this thing is. 只是不好接受这峡谷有多大
It's the longest canyon in the solar system. 它是太阳系中最长的峡谷
It's the big daddy. 是大爷级的
Just over the horizon a feature so enormous 在地平线上这么巨大的特征
it looks unreal... 看起来不是真实的...
Olympus Mons. 奥林匹斯山
ADAM: It's the biggest mountain in our solar system. 它是我们太阳系中最大的山
It's hard not to go there.Right? That's pretty cool. 不想去那里很难做到。对吗？太酷了
It rises literally out of the atmosphere. 它从大气层中升起来
DERRICK: This volcano was two and a half times as tall as Mount Everest. 这座火山的高度是珠穆朗玛峰的两倍半
JAMES: Rising nearly 90,000 feet above its base. 高出其底部近9万英尺
DERRICK: Since the gravity on Mars is just one third that of Earth, 因为火星的引力只有地球的三分之一，
there's much less gravitational force holding things down. 把物体压下去的重力要小得多
And this is why Olympus Mons dwarfs anything on the Earth. 这就是为什么奥林匹斯山使地球上的物体都相形见绌
NINA: If you were to look at Olympus Mons from the side, 如果你从侧面看奥林匹斯山，
just you know if you were flying past Mars, 如果你正飞过火星，
you could actually see the bump 你真的可以看到鼓起的
above the curvature of the planet. 在行星曲面上方的隆起
That's how big it is. 就是这么大
Both Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris 奥林匹斯山和水手峡谷
are giant relics of an epic chapter in Mars' history. 是火星史诗篇章的巨大遗迹
They hold the story of how Mars once lived. 它们保存着火星的过去曾经如何生活
And why it died. 以及它为什么会死
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
In Mars' infancy, raging volcanoes... 在火星的幼年期，肆虐的火山...
ejected a staggering billion, billion tons 喷射出惊人的十亿，又十亿吨
of molten rock from its interior. 从内部喷出的熔岩
This lava formed a vast plateau 熔岩形成了一个广阔的高原
that stretched over 3,000 miles. 绵延3000英里
The colossal mass of this new rock 新岩层的庞大质量
put huge stress on the surrounding crust. 对周围的地壳施加巨大的压力
Literally tearing the planet apart. 简直要把火星撕开
Valles Marineris was born. 水手峡谷就诞生了
But with the violence of early Mars... 但是随着早期火星的暴力...
...came creation. 也伴随着创造
MELISSA: When volcano's erupted on ancient Mars 当远古火星上的火山爆发时
they released all sorts of gases that made up the Martian atmosphere. 他们释放了构成火星大气层的各种气体
DAVID: Carbon dioxide. 二氧化碳
Sulphur dioxide. 二氧化硫
Methane. Water vapor. 甲烷，水蒸气
This contributes to creating a thicker atmosphere. 这有助于营造更浓厚的大气
And once you have a thicker atmosphere 一旦你有更厚的大气层
then you can have water existing on a surface. 然后你可以让水存在于表面
MELISSA: There has to be enough atmospheric pressure 必须有足够大的气压
to keep water in a liquid state. 使水保持液态
Otherwise water goes directly from a solid as ice, 否则水直接从冰这样的固体中，
into a vapor. 升华成为气体
Having enough atmospheric pressure 有足够大气压
is crucial to having running water on a surface. 对于地表有流水至关重要
But Mars' atmosphere wasn't to last. 但是火星的大气层并没有持续
And the story of how it disappeared 它如何消失的解释
holds a terrible warning for us on Earth. 给地球上的我们带来了可怕的警告
Our planet is protected by a force field. 我们的星球受到磁场的保护
It extends 40,000 miles into space. 它向太空延伸了4万英里
But it's generated, 但它的产生，
at Earth's very core. 是在地球的核心
DERRICK: It's really kinda terrifying if you think about it. 如果你仔细想想，那真的有点可怕
We stand on a very thin skin that encloses 我们站在很薄的表面上
essentially a molten ball of iron. 包裹着一个熔化的铁球
NINA: This ball of iron that is moving 这个铁球转动的速度
at a slightly different rate than the rest of the Earth. 和地球其他地方稍有不同
It's kind of sloshing around in there. 它在里面晃荡
That creates a magnetic field. 这就产生了磁场
That extends tens of thousands of miles out into space. 它向太空延伸了数万英里
The Aurora in our night sky 夜空中的极光
is much more than a pretty light show. 不仅仅是一场精彩的表演
You are perceiving directly Earth's magnetic field. 你正在直接感知地球磁场
It's a manifestation of this magnetic field. 这是磁场的一种表现
DERRICK: Charged particles from the sun 来自太阳的带电粒子
travel through the solar system at supersonic speeds, 以超音速穿越太阳系，
impacting the atmosphere of the Earth. 撞击地球大气层
If we didn't have the magnetic field to deflect those around the Earth, 如果我们没有磁场来偏斜地球周围的那些粒子，
it would just slowly strip away 它会慢慢剥落
all the pieces of our atmosphere over time. 随着时间的推移，消耗我们的大气层
GRUNSFELD: The atmosphere, you know, 大气层，你知道的，
is just this tiny thin blue line. 只是这条小小的蓝色细线
Barely big enough to see. 几乎看不见
And everything that lives on Earth 地球上所有的生命
is dependent on that thin blue line. 都依赖于那条细细的蓝线
It really makes you think how fragile our existence is. 它真的让你明白我们的存在是多么脆弱
In the deep past 在过去
an Aurora also danced across Martian skies. 极光也曾在火星上空翩翩起舞
But Mars couldn't hold on to its precious force field. 但火星无法保住它宝贵的磁场
About four billion years ago, 大约40亿年之前
a terrible chain reaction began. 一个可怕的连锁反应开始了
Just like Earth,ancient Mars' magnetic shield 就像地球，古代火星的磁场
protected its atmosphere 保护了它的大气层
and allowed water to exist on its surface. 允许水在它的表面存在
But it wasn't to last. 但这并没有持续下去
MELISSA: The smaller you are the faster you lose heat. 体积越小你就越快散失热量
It's simple physics. 这是简单的物理
DAVID: Think of if you take a bunch a bunch of potatoes 想想如果你拿出一些土豆
out of the oven. 从烤箱里拿出来
The tiny little mini potatoes will cool off very quickly. 小土豆很快就会冷却下来
And the large ones will take much longer. 大的需要更长的时间
Mars being half the size of Earth, 火星直径只有地球的一半，
lost its heat faster than Earth has lost its heat. 失去热量的速度比地球失去热量的速度快
As the planet cools the churning and the interior 当行星冷却，内部的搅动
starts to slow down and stop. 就慢下来，停止了
Mars started to die from the inside out. 火星开始由内而外消亡
The protective force field began to falter. 起保护作用的磁场开始减弱
The solar winds stripped away the atmosphere. 太阳风吹走了大气
Volcanoes fell silent. 火山沉寂下来
Gases no longer replenished the skies. 不再喷出气体补充大气
The planet's water evaporated into space... 星球上的水挥发到太空中...
killing Mars. 杀死了火星
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
Today there are only two places on Mars' surface 今天火星表面只有两个地方
where water can still be found. 在那里仍然可以找到水
They're the next stops on our journey. 它们是我们旅程的下一站
The planet's most spectacular and alien landscapes. 星球上最壮观最奇特的景观
Its poles. 它的两极
Mars has two polar caps 火星有两个极冠
and each has their own distinct personality. 每个都有自己独特的个性
The Mars North Pole is like this beautiful 火星北极就像一个漂亮的
hockey puck of ice about the size of Greenland. 冰球，大约有格陵兰岛那么大
It's 600 miles wide and 1.2 miles deep. 它宽600英里，厚1.2英里
TANYA: The northern polar cap of Mars 火星的北极冰盖
has these amazing dune fields. 有着这些惊人的高丘
And these striking cliffs that skirt along the outside. 还有这些突出的悬崖峭壁
We've even spotted avalanches in progress. 我们甚至发现了正在发生的雪崩
At the other end of the planet, 在星球的另一端，
the landscapes are even more breathtaking. 风景更是令人叹为观止
The south polar cap is over two miles thick. 南极冰盖有两英里厚
That's a lot of ice. 很多的冰
MELISSA: The polar cap forms these incredible 极地冰盖形成了这些不可思议的
swirling patterns in whites and oranges and reds. 白色、橙色和红色的漩涡图案
It reminds me of orange sherbet or a dreamsicle. 它让我想起了橘子雪糕或梦幻糖
TANYA: There are these bizarre kaleidoscopic patterns. 有这些奇怪的万花筒图案
JAMES: Areas where some of the landscape has disappeared, 在景观的边缘地区，
the holes. 有洞
Other places where it's built up as rings. 其他地方，形成环状
It almost defies words. 它几乎难以言喻
It's Ansell Adam-esqe but not terrestrial. 突出地表，不是陆地的地貌
Some volatile force must have shaped this 一定是一些不稳定的力量造成的
fantastical terrain. 塑造了这片神奇的地形
But it can't be the water. 但不可能是水造成的
It's so cold here that it remains eternally frozen... 这里太冷了，永远冻着...
like concrete. 像混凝土一样
So what is it? 那是什么？
The answer lies at the edge of the ice cap. 答案就在冰盖的边缘
And it's revealed by HiRISE. HiRISE揭露了这一点
NINA: We can see here that these are really 我们在这里可以看到，这些都是
strange little starburst features that radiate out from the center. 从中心向外辐射的奇怪的爆炸状特征
And so for obvious reasons we call them spiders. 很明显的理由，我们把它们叫做蜘蛛
NINA: It turns out that Mars has seasons 原来火星有季节
just like the Earth does. 就像地球一样
So as winter approaches in the southern hemisphere of Mars, 当火星南半球的冬天来临时，
the temperature basically plummets. 气温根本上说是骤降
We get things like frost and snow.But with a difference. 像结霜和下雪，但是与地球不同
This isn't water snow. 这不是冰雪
It's actually snow made out of carbon dioxide or dry ice. 它实际上是由二氧化碳或干冰构成的雪
It's alien yeah. 外星雪
I mean we don't see anything like that on Earth. 我的意思是我们在地球上没见过这样的东西
For the duration of winter 在冬天期间
temperatures never climb above minus 190 degrees Fahrenheit. 温度永远不会超过零下190华氏度以上
The entire polar region, 整个极地地区，
water ice cap, and surrounding planes 冰盖和周围的平面
is covered in a thick layer of dry ice. 覆盖着一层厚厚的干冰
But as the spring comes, 当春天来了，
things start getting a little bit interesting. 事情就开始变得有点有趣了
As the sun returns the dry ice begins to melt. 当太阳回来时，干冰开始融化
But it doesn't form a liquid. 但它不会形成液体
It actually goes straight to gas. 它实际上直接变成气体
So you start building up pressure because you're making more gas, 所以你开始增大压力因为你制造了更多的气体，
but trapping it inside of this ice layer. 把它困在冰层里
And so you're building up,building up, building up pressure 积累，积累，积累压力
until that one point where the pressure just increases so much 直到那个点，压力增加了太多
that it just explodes. 以至于爆炸
And that aftermath of that explosion are these dark streaks 爆炸的余波就是这些黑色条纹
that we see on HiRISE images. 我们在HiRISE图像上看到的
Carved into the surface by exploding jets of carbon dioxide, 被二氧化碳的喷射切割表面
each one of these strange spider formations 每一个奇怪的蜘蛛形状
took 10,000 years to form. 花了1万年才形成
And it's the same force, carbon dioxide, 同样的力，二氧化碳，
changing from gas to dry ice to gas 从气体到干冰再到气体
that makes Mars' poles 造成火星的两极
so beautiful and bizarre. 如此美丽和奇异
They're both completely alien landscapes. 它们都是外星的风景
And it's quintessential Mars. 是典型的火星
It's alien Mars. 外星球火星
Exploding poles. 爆裂的极地
Scarred frozen planes. 伤痕累累的冻原
A planet stripped of its atmosphere 被脱掉大气层的行星
and blasted by solar winds. 被太阳风摧毁
The idea that Mars could ever support life might seem hopeless. 认为火星可以支持生命的想法似乎是没有希望的
But we now know that billions of years ago, 但我们现在知道数十亿年前，
when the first life forms appeared on Earth, 当第一批生命出现在地球上时，
the two planets were much more alike. 这两颗行星更为相似
And if life emerged on our world, 如果生命出现在我们的世界，
why not here? 这里怎么不行呢？
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
As afternoon turns to evening, 从下午到晚上，
we head towards the Martian Equator. 我们朝着赤道前进
To a place where since 2012, 从2012年开始，
NASA has been on an audacious mission. 美国宇航局一直在执行一项大胆的任务
In Gale Crater right now, 在盖尔陨石坑，
a high-tech Rover is hunting for the very ingredients of life. 一辆高科技的火星车正在寻找生命的构成材料
(cheering) （欢呼）
ASHWIN: The night that we landed 我们降落的那晚
I saw my engineering colleagues across the room, 我看到我的工程师同事在房间的另一边，
jump up and down in their chairs. 在他们的椅子上跳来跳去
And you know some of them begin to cry. 你知道有些人开始哭了
And for me of course,I felt all those same emotions. 当然，对我来说，我也有同样的感受
But then it, all of a sudden it hit me that now there gonna 但突然间，我突然意识到相当于
give us the car keys and it's really up to us as scientists 给了我们车钥匙，这取决于作为科学家的我们
to fulfill the promise of the whole mission. 履行整个任务的承诺
Three and a half billion years ago 35亿年前
Gale Crater was filled with water. 盖尔陨石坑充满了水
Today it's a dried-up lake bed. 今天是干涸的湖床
But it conceals clues 但它隐藏了线索
to just how habitable Mars might have once been. 火星曾经有多么适合居住
Combing its surface is a one ton mobile science lab. 检视表面的是一个1吨重的移动科学实验室
The only Rover at work on Mars today... 今天唯一还在火星上工作的火星车...
NASA's Curiosity. 美国宇航局的好奇号
DIANA: Curiosity's an incredible rover. 好奇号是不可思议的火星车
It is an SUV size,laser beam eye robot 这是一个SUV大小的激光机器人
that is going around Mars,trying to figure out 绕着火星转，试图找出
if there was the environment to sustain life at some point. 在什么时候有维持生命的环境
When I describe it that way it just sounds like 当我这样描述的时候，听起来就像
I am talking about science fiction. 我说的是科幻小说
MELISSA: Curiosity is a huge beast of a rover. 好奇号是一辆巨兽火星车
Six-wheel drive,stands seven feet tall. 六轮驱动，七英尺高
She's powered by plutonium that gives her a quantum energy source. 她的动力来自钚，这给了她充沛的能源
She can run for years. 她能工作多年
Dust storms that kill rovers don't touch Curiosity. 杀死火星车的沙尘暴不会影响好奇号
GRUNSFELD: Curiosity is so big 好奇号真的很大
that we can see it with HiRISE in great detail. HiRISE相机可以看得很清楚
We can see the body,we can see the wheels, 我们可以看到车身，车轮，
we can see the wheel tracks. 我们可以看到车轮的痕迹
Alongside its serious science kit, 除了重要的科学仪器，
Curiosity has no fewer than 17 cameras. 好奇号有不少于17个摄像头
It can even take selfies. 它甚至可以自拍
ASHWIN: We designed these rovers 我们设计了这些火星车
to act like our human surrogates on Mars. 像我们在火星上的人类代理人一样
They have eyes that are about six feet off the ground and 它们的眼睛离地大约6英尺
they take color pictures that have the same wavelengths as our human eyes 他们拍摄的彩色照片与我们的人眼具有相同的感知波长
All this is designed to put a human virtual presence on Mars. 所有这些都是为了让人类在火星上虚拟存在
Using half a million images taken by Curiosity and Mars' orbiter's 使用了50万张由好奇号和火星轨道器拍摄的照片
NASA has rebuilt Gale Crater... 美国宇航局重建了盖尔陨石坑...
on earth. 在地球上
DAWN: I feel like I have been on the surface of Mars. 我觉得我好像到了火星表面
The images and the topography 图像和地形
fills your mind and you get lost in this virtual world. 充满你的脑海，你就会迷失在这个虚拟的世界里
It's just so interesting to actually use data 这样使用数据真是太有趣了
to transport yourself into another environment, 把自己传送到另一个环境中，
onto another planet. 登陆另一颗星球
But this isn't just for fun. 但这不仅仅是为了好玩
Curiosity is far more than a mobile camera. 好奇号远不止是一个移动摄像头
Dawn uses the virtual world... 道恩使用虚拟世界...
to choose the most promising places for the rover 为火星车选择最有研究前景的地方
to deploy its high-tech toolkit. 利用其高科技工具包
At its heart Curiosity is a chemical laboratory 好奇号的核心是一个化学实验室
that we've landed on the surface of Mars. 我们把她送上火星表面
She's got a laser ablation spectrometer, 她有激光诱导击穿光谱仪
which is a laser to zap rocks. 这是一种激光，可以破坏岩石
You know,we can drive round and say, wow, 你知道吗，我们可以开过来说，哇，
that looks interesting,'zu', 'pu', what's in there? 这看起来很有意思，“吱”，“嘭”，里面有什么？
And what that allows us to do is to see what Mars is made of. 这让我们能够看到火星是由什么组成的
DAWN: Curiosity is designed to take the powder and heat it up 好奇号的设计目的是把粉末加热
and then it smells the chemicals that--that come off 然后闻到释放出来的化学物质
and those chemicals will say something about what's inside the sample 这些化学物质会告诉我们样本里有什么
It doesn't tell us everything we want 它不能告诉我们我们想要的一切
to know but it gives us some really nice clues. 但这给了我们一些很好的线索
In 2014,Curiosity astonished the world 2014年，好奇号震惊了世界
with the biggest breakthrough yet, 有了迄今为止最大的突破，
in our search for extra-terrestrial life. 在我们寻找外星生命的过程中
What we found was organic molecules in mud stones. 我们在泥岩中发现了有机分子
Organic molecules are complex molecules containing carbon, 有机分子是含有碳的复杂分子，
the ingredients that make up all life on earth. 构成地球上所有生命的成分
JAMES: Those molecules are clues. 这些分子是线索
We can't quite decipher exactly where they came from 我们无法完全识别它们的确切来源
but they're so hopeful that there could be 但它们很有希望
part of the record of what might have been ancient life on Mars. 是火星上有古代生命的记录
The biggest overall find is that Mars was a habitable planet 重点来说，火星曾是一颗可维持生命的行星
and we didn't know that before Curiosity went there. 在好奇号到那里之前我们并不知道这一点
Water on the surface, 表面的水，
organic molecules in the rocks. 岩石中的有机分子
For at least a billion years Mars had everything 至少有10亿年，火星拥有一切
life needs to get started 生命起源所需的条件
and yet the final proof remains just out of reach. 然而最终的证据仍然遥不可及
ASHWIN: What we have not found is that life ever took hold, 我们没有发现的是，生命曾经存在过，
ever made use those great conditions that Mars provided. 利用火星提供的那些好条件
So strong is our desire to find that life on another planet 我们渴望在另一个星球上发现生命的渴望是如此强烈
that we have overreached before. 我们以前做得太过火了
The experts are saying tonight 专家们今晚说
that they have, quote, 他们已经，
"reasonable evidence of past life on the planet Mars." “火星上过去生命的合理证据”
In 1996, 1996年，
NASA shocked the world. 美国宇航局震惊了世界
Inside a meteorite from Mars,found in Antarctica, 在南极洲发现的火星陨石内，
they discovered bacteria shaped structures. 他们发现了细菌形状的结构
While the evidence may be 虽然证据可能是
just microscopic and perhaps millions of years old, 很微小的，也许有几百万年的历史，
today they displayed the rock that has rolled back years of findings 今天，他们展示了一块多年之前发现的石头
and has made science fiction a reality. 使科幻小说成为了现实
The whole world was asking, 全世界都在问，
was this really life from Mars? 这真是火星生命吗？
If this discovery is confirmed 如果这个发现被证实
it will surely be one of the most stunning insights into our universe 这无疑是对我们宇宙最惊人的洞察之一
that science has ever uncovered. 伟大的科学发现
But the dream soon began to fracture. 但这个梦想很快就破灭了
People started interrogating and then doubting. 人们开始询问然后怀疑
It was so hard to prove the morphology, 很难证明这形态，
the shape of what we thought we were seeing 我们所看到的东西的形状，
was actually made by life. 真的就是生命的产物
AMY: This isn't something obvious like digging up a dinosaur skull. 这可不像是在挖掘恐龙头骨
This is a microscopic bacteria billions of years old. 这是一种数十亿年前的微生物
We don't know what this is. 我们不知道这是什么
The strangest puzzle was the size of the shapes in the rock, 最难以解释的是这个形状的大小，
smaller than any life ever recorded on earth, 比地球上有记录的任何生命都要小，
smaller than life could ever exist 比可持续的生命还小
or so we thought. 根据我们所知
(intense music playing) （紧张的音乐）
Today,one scientist's work 今天，一位科学家的工作
is making us rethink the search for life on Mars. 让我们重新思考寻找火星上的生命
(intense music playing) （紧张的音乐）
This is Dallol, Ethiopia, 这是达罗尔，埃塞俄比亚，
one of the most hostile places on earth. 地球上环境最严酷的地方之一
Here, volcanic forces 这里，火山作用
create conditions very similar to those on ancient Mars... 创造出与古代火星上非常相似的条件...
and that attracts astrobiologists 这吸引了天体生物学家
like Felipe Gómez Gómez. 就像菲利佩·戈梅斯·戈梅斯
FELIPE: There is a heavy smell in the air. 空气中有浓重的气味
The water coming out from the chimneys 从缝隙里冒出来的水
can be higher than one hundred degree Celsius. 可以高于100摄氏度
Salinity, it's practically saturated in salt. 还有盐分，它几乎是饱和的盐水
The water pH 水的pH值
is more acidic than a car battery. 比汽车蓄电池更酸
Early Mars was quite similar to this kind of environment. 早期火星与这种环境非常相似
MAN 2: You don't want to put your hands into that. 你可不想把手伸进去
No, it would be burned. 不，它会被烧坏的
Yeah, I know. 是的，我知道
Inside these samples, 在这些样本里，
Felipe has uncovered something no one was expecting. 费利佩发现了一些没人料到的事
(speaking in native language) （当地语言）
These are microbes? 这些是微生物？
Yup. The bacteria. 是的。细菌。
These were found in Dallol,in the pools of Dallol. 这些是在达罗尔发现的，在达罗尔的水池里
Wow. 哇
Living inside the salt,interacting with the salt. 生活在盐里，与盐相互作用
Multiplying themselves and colonizing 繁殖它们自己，壮大生长
this really extreme environment. 在这种极端的环境
So you are telling me these things are alive? 你是说这些东西还活着？
They are not fossils of bacteria? 它们不是细菌的化石？
Exactly, they are bacteria and they are alive. 真的，它们是细菌，它们是活的
They are growing. 他们正在生长
The very things that make this environment 造就了这个环境的元素
so dangerous to us 对我们很危险
make it perfect 却是完美的因子
for primitive lifeforms to get started. 能出现原始生命
So they eat the salt? 所以它们吃盐？
They eat the salt. 它们吃盐
They are able to take the energy,the power supply from the minerals. 它们能够从矿物中获取能量供应
But the breakthrough 但是突破
isn't just that bacteria exist,it's also their size. 不仅仅是细菌的存在，还有它们的大小
They are twenty times smaller than the regular bacteria. 它们比普通细菌小20倍
It's nanobacteria. 是纳米细菌
The bacteria are about the same size 这些细菌大小差不多
as the mysterious shapes found in the Antarctica meteorite. 就和南极洲陨石中发现的神秘形状类似
This extreme environment is like Mars was four billion years ago 这种极端环境就像40亿年前的火星
at a very early age of Mars. 在火星的早期
And if there is life here,who knows that probably 如果这里有生命，谁知道是不是可能
could be possible to find similar life on Mars. 在火星上找到类似的生命
(speaking in native language) （当地语言）
The discoveries of extreme life on earth 地球上极端生命的发现
have reignited our hope... 重新点燃了我们的希望...
of finding life on Mars 找到火星上的生命
and that's exactly what NASA's next mission will attempt to do-- 这正是美国宇航局下一个任务将要做的--
Dig for alien fossils. 挖掘外星化石
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
2,400 miles west of Gale Crater 盖尔陨石坑以西2400英里
is the site targeted for the search. 是搜索的目标点
It will make Mars 2020 NASA's toughest mission yet. 这将使火星2020成为美国宇航局迄今为止最难的任务
Jezero Crater is a rugged,cracked landscape, 杰泽罗陨石坑是一个崎岖、破碎的地貌，
with jagged channels carved through the rock. 岩石上分布着起伏不平的沟渠
Scientists now know this is the fossilized remains 科学家现在知道这是遗迹
of a giant river delta. 巨大的河流三角洲
On ancient Mars 在古代火星
this would have been the perfect place for life to thrive 这里应该是生命繁衍的最佳场所
and Jezero also has the perfect conditions 而杰泽罗也有完美的条件
to preserve fossils of it to this day. 把化石保存到今天
MAN: Over time,sediment builds up, layer after layer. 随着时间的推移，沉积物一层一层地堆积起来
WOMAN: Any life forms present or organic molecules 任何存在的生命形式或有机分子
would have been concentrated in those layers of mud. 会集中在那些泥层里
It's a layer cake of stories in the record of the rocks. 这是岩石记录的一层一层的夹层蛋糕
DAVID: Buried treasure that's been sitting there, 埋在那里的宝藏，
waiting all these billions of years now 等待了数十亿年
for us to go and dig it up and see what's there. 去挖出来看看有些什么
But the best place for hunt for life 但寻找生命最好的地方
is the toughest place to land 是最难降落的地方
and in February 2021 2021年2月
that's exactly what NASA will attempt to do. 这正是美国宇航局将要做的
NAGIN: Of course, if it was entirely up to the engineers 当然，如果这完全取决于工程师
we would pick a completely flat place with no rocks 我们会选一个没有石头的完全平坦的地方
and no winds and the scientists would immediately say, 而且没有风，那些科学家们会立刻说，
well that's super boring. 好吧，那太没意思了
ADAM: This mission, it's a big deal. 这次任务，意义重大
It's the most ambitious mission we've ever attempted, 这是我们有史以来最雄心勃勃的任务，
so for 2020 we will take the rover and put it in places 因此，2020年，我们将把火星车送到合适的位置
that would be unthinkable for Curiosity 这对好奇号来说是不可想象的
or the airbag landings of history. 或者历史上的安全气囊着陆
Unlike on previous missions, 与之前的任务不同，
this landing site will be full of rover killing hazards. 这个着陆点充满了对火星车的致命危险
But NASA has a new trick up its sleeve. 但美国宇航局有新的优化方案
Every mission to Mars has faced one huge problem. 每次火星任务都面临同一个巨大的问题
It takes 20 minutes to get a signal back to earth. 信号传回地球需要20分钟
So engineers can't guide the spacecraft from their control room. 所以工程师们不能从他们的控制室引导飞船
But Mars 2020 will have a super power. 但是火星2020将会有超级能力
It will be able to navigate itself. 它将能够自行导航
ADAM: For Mars 2020 we took the landing system 对于火星2020，我们采用了着陆系统
that we'd used on Curiosity and we added a very important feature, 我们曾用在好奇号，而且增加了一个非常重要的功能，
an ability to tell where it is on Mars. 能够识别火星上的坐标
For this mission, 为了这次任务，
the engineers from NASA's jet propulsion laboratory 美国宇航局喷气推进实验室的工程师们
have harnessed the power of HiRISE. 利用HiRISE相机
They have used its images to build a map of the landing site 他们用它的图像绘制了着陆地点的地图
in incredible detail. 非常详细
We've used HiRISE to help us understand the dangers 我们用HiRISE来帮助我们了解风险
that the terrain might provide. 地形可能造成的风险
Mars 2020 火星2020
will compare the map with what it sees on the ground. 会把地图和地面上看到的进行比较
Then it will zero in on its target. 然后它就会瞄准目标
Retro rockets will guide this $2.5 billion rover 反推火箭将引导这辆价值25亿美元的火星车
safely to the surface. 安全着陆
(whirring) （喷气）
Once on the ground Mars 2020 will carry out its simple 一旦登陆，火星2020将执行其简单的
but awe-inspiring task, 但令人敬慕的任务，
to burrow into the planet's surface, 钻探火星表面，
searching for fossils of Martian life. 寻找火星生命的化石
DIANA: Is there life or was there life on the surface of Mars? 火星表面有生命还是曾有生命？
It can't get more fundamental than that. 再没有比这更根本的问题了
I can't imagine a Mars that wasn't alive in some way. 在某种程度上，我无法想象火星是完全死亡的
If Mars 2020 can answer that question 如果火星2020能回答这个问题
I think that we can drop the mic at JPL and just walk out of the lab 我想我们可以把麦克风扔在喷气推进实验室，然后离开了
because we had just answered the most fundamental question of human history. 因为我们刚刚回答了人类历史上最根本的问题
As these robot pioneers hunt for life on Mars, 当这些机器人先驱者在火星上寻找生命时，
we are laying the groundwork for the next great challenge-- 我们正在为下一个重大挑战奠定基础--
sending human pioneers to join them. 派遣人类先驱者加入他们
BRIDENSTEIN (over PA):The moon is the proving ground, 月球是试验场，
Mars is the horizon goal. 火星是远方的目标
WOMAN (over radio):We have ignition of 我们点火了
NASA's space launch system solid rocket motor, 美国宇航局的太空发射系统固体火箭发动机，
powering us on our journey to Mars. 为我们的火星之旅提供动力
Engineers are racing to develop the technology. 工程师们正在竞相开发技术
ELON (over PA): Do you want the future 你想要的未来
where we become a space faring civilization 我们成为太空文明
and are out there among the stars 在星际空间
or one where we are forever confined to earth? 还是我们永远局限在地球上？
Space exploration,a tough but not impossible thing. 太空探索，一件艰难但并非不可能的事
The first humans who will set foot on Mars 第一批踏上火星的人
are already among us. 已经在我们中间了
MAN: We intend to send her to Mars one day, folks. 将来我们打算送她去火星，伙计们
But this mission will be together than anything 但这次任务将是以前
we've ever attempted. 我们从未尝试过的
There are two giant hurdles. 有两个巨大的障碍
First, you have to get there. 首先，你得去那里
There's really no shortage of challenges 真的不乏挑战
when it comes to getting humans to Mars, (stammers) not on Mars, 说到把人类送上火星，（结结巴巴地）不是登陆火星，
just to Mars. 只是去火星那里
ADAM: The navigation is hard. 导航很困难
A little bit off and you will burn up because 偏一点点你就会燃烧起来因为
you're coming in too steep and then come in too shallow 你冲的太正了，要是太浅的话
you'll skip off into the solar system 你会滑进太阳系
and orbit the sun forever and be dead. 永远绕着太阳转然后死去
LUJENDRA: It takes about seven months to get to Mars. 到达火星大约需要七个月的时间
Once you get on Mars you have to be there for two more years 一旦你登上火星，你必须在那里呆两年
before you can take the return flight back to earth. 才能坐返程航班回到地球
WOMAN: You're going to have a kind of cabin fever 你会有幽居病
that's--that's unprecedented. 这——这是前所未有的
When you finally arrive on the planet 当你最终到达这个星球的时候
you have to survive in terrifying conditions. 你必须在可怕的环境中生存
Unbreathable air, 无法呼吸的空气，
extreme cold, toxic dust. 极度寒冷，有毒粉尘
And an unseen danger that even spacesuits offer 甚至太空服也防不住
little protect against. 看不见的危险
Deadly radiation. 致命的辐射
It seems an impossible problem. 这似乎是个不可能的问题
But the planet also offers a solution. 但是这个星球也提供了一个解决方案
(beeping) （嘟嘟声）
Just 350 miles west of Jezero Crater, 在杰泽罗陨石坑以西350英里，
where Mars 2020 will hunt for alien life, 火星2020将在那里寻找外星生命，
we return to Syrtis Major, 我们回到大瑟提斯，
where we first thought we saw it. 我们第一次看到它的地方
And here, where our journey began, 在这里，我们旅程的起点，
we find the key to living on Mars... ourselves. 我们找到了在火星上生活的钥匙... 人类自己
DAVID: Every once in a while,we come across one of these 每隔一段时间，我们都会遇到这样的情况
sort of strange snaky, snake like forms. 这种奇怪的蛇形物
And this is in terrain that's incredibly flat, 在这里的地形非常平坦，
highly cratered. 坑洼起伏的地方
We're pretty sure these features are lava tubes. 我们很确定这些特征是熔岩管
NINA: Lava tubes form near volcanoes 火山附近形成熔岩管
as lava is flowing out through fractures. 当熔岩从裂缝中流出
TANYA:And eventually that kinda drains out 最终熔岩会慢慢消失
and it leaves these caverns behind. 留下了这些洞穴
ABIGAIL: Sometimes we can see holes punch through these features 有时我们可以看到这些痕迹上的洞
and these are dark holes 这些是黑暗的洞，
and when you look down you just see darkness. 当你向下看，你只看到黑暗
No human invention has yet cracked the radiation problem. 目前还没有人类发明能够破解辐射问题
But these underground wonders might just be our salvation. 但这些地下奇观也许就是我们的解决方案
Deep in the mountains of northern Spain 西班牙北部深山
a team of scientists is exploring how we might survive 一组科学家正在探索我们如何生存
in Mars' lethal environment. 在火星致命的环境中
JOSÉ: I believe what we're going to do on Mars 我相信我们要在火星上做的事情
will be incredible. 会是不可思议的
But it is not easy. 但这并不容易
We evolved on planet Earth 我们是在地球上进化的
and our biology is accustomed to this planet. 我们的生理习惯了这个星球
CARMEN: If you would live on Mars for longer time, 如果你想在火星上生活更长时间，
even wearing the spacesuit, 即使穿上太空服，
the radiation would definitely be deadly. 辐射也肯定会致命
We need to go underground and obviously 我们需要去地下
the deeper we are 而且我们越深入
the more protection we will have from radiation. 我们对辐射的防护就越强
Some of these caves are really, really long. 有些洞穴真的很长
They could be several kilometers long, 它们可能有几公里长，
so we could go deeper and deeper and create a habitat for us to live. 所以我们可以越走越远，为自己打造一个栖息地
Here, in its own version of a Martian lava tube, 在模拟的火星熔岩管里，
the team can find out what this subterranean life 研究小组可以揭示这种地下生活
might be like. 可能是什么样子
You lose track of time really because 你忘记了时间真的是因为
you don't have any day or night. 你没有白天和黑夜之分
You're in a confined environment, 你在一个封闭的环境里，
in an extreme environment, 在一个极端的环境里，
which makes it very challenging. 这使得它非常具有挑战性
We need to be independent in every way, 我们需要在各个方面保持独立，
not just psychologically independent 不仅仅是心理上的独立
but in terms of food,materials, resources, energy. 但就食物、材料、资源、能源而言
This would be our home on planet Mars 这将是我们在火星上的家园
and we need to create an environment for us to survive and to thrive. 我们需要创造一个生存和成长的环境
Lava tubes will provide a readymade shelter 熔岩管将提供一个现成的避难所
for the first intrepid pioneers. 为第一批勇敢的先驱者
And experts believe 专家认为
they could also be sites for longer term settlements. 它们也可能是长期定居的地点
Some may even be large enough to fit whole cities inside. 有些甚至可能大到足以容纳整个城市
JOSÉ: We live between the last human single planetary generation 我们生活在人类的最后一代单行星文明
and the first multi planetary generation. 和第一代多行星文明之间
Once we colonize Mars we will change history, 一旦我们殖民火星，我们将改变历史，
we will change the future. 我们将改变未来
And it may be,in these lava tubes, 可能就在这些熔岩管里，
that the quest that has driven our interest in Mars for centuries 几个世纪以来我们对火星的关注，一直驱使着我们前行
finally comes to an end. 就在这里到达终点
Those same conditions that will keep us safe underground 在地下为我们保持安全的这些条件
might, for billions of years, 可能持续了数十亿年，
have kept something else safe too, 还有其他东西在这里得到保护，
living Martian life. 存活的火星生命
DAVID: Because of the tremendous radiation bathing the surface 因为巨大的辐射覆盖了表面
any lifeforms that are there today 今天在那里的任何生命体
are gonna be buried under the surface. 都会被深埋在地下
This is a whole new place for us to explore on Mars 这是我们探索火星的一个全新的地方
and, in particular,it's one of those places 尤其是，这看起来是一个
that seems like it could be a really good habitat 很好的栖息地
for any extant Martian life,should it exist. 如果火星存在生命的话
Our day on Mars is coming to a close. 我们在火星上的一天即将结束
The sun is setting over the dunes of Syrtis Major. 太阳正落在大瑟提斯的沙丘上
Once this place made us dream of an earth like world, 曾经这个地方让我们梦想着一个像地球一样的世界，
but our journey has revealed Mars' story to be 但我们的旅程揭示了火星的故事
more astonishing than anything we could have imagined. 比我们所能想象到的任何事情都更加惊人
And now, at last,it's almost within our reach. 而现在，它终于在我们的触手可及的范围内
NINA: Mars is like my second home. 火星就像我的第二个家
I would love to go visit. 我很想去看看
It is magnificent. 它是壮观的
(explosion) （爆炸）
ADAM: I used to dream about being the first person to climb Olympus Mons, 我曾经梦想成为第一个登上奥林匹斯山的人，
the biggest mountain in the solar system, 太阳系中最高大的山，
plant the flag on top. 把旗子插在上面
DERRICK: Mars makes us redefine who we are 火星让我们重新定义自己
and what are connection is to the universe. 定义我们与宇宙的联系
JAMES: Would I go?Of course, in a heartbeat. 我会去吗？当然，立刻